GLUTEN-RELATED DISORDERS: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY INTEGRATION OF CURRENT CONCEPTS
Main Article Content
Abstract
Goal. To summarize current interdisciplinary perspectives on the biochemical, immunological, and clinical aspects of gluten-related disorders, and to outline key challenges in diagnosis and nutritional management.
Main part. This narrative review examines the principal structural and functional characteristics of gluten as a complex of prolamins and glutelins, its resistance to proteolytic hydrolysis, and the role of immunogenic peptides in triggering pathological responses. The pathogenesis of celiac disease is analyzed in detail as a T-cell–mediated autoimmune disorder with a strong HLA association, alongside the mechanisms of IgE-mediated wheat allergy and the contemporary concept of non-celiac gluten sensitivity in accordance with the Salerno criteria. Particular attention is given to differential diagnostic challenges, metabolic consequences of gluten-related disorders, and the potential risks associated with unjustified adherence to gluten-free diets.
Conclusions. Gluten-related disorders constitute a heterogeneous group of conditions with distinct immunopathogenetic mechanisms that require a standardized diagnostic approach and individualized nutritional strategies. Future research should focus on identifying specific biomarkers and clarifying the long-term metabolic consequences of gluten-restricted diets.
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