MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VENA CAVAE AND THEIR HAEMODYNAMIC FEATURES DURING DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE RESPIRATORY CYCLE DEPENDING ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL AND BODY CONSTITUTION TYPE
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective. To determine morphometric and functional characteristics of the vena cavae in individuals with different body constitution types and physical activity levels using ultrasonography.
Methods. Ultrasound Doppler examination was performed using a Siemens Juniper Acuson system (USA). Longitudinal and diametrical parameters of the SVC and IVC were assessed in 42 healthy male volunteers aged 19–27 years with different physical activity levels. Body weight ranged from 57 to 90 kg, height from 157 to 193 cm, chest circumference from 86 to 115 cm, and BMI from 18.5 to 26.4 kg/m². All participants had normal physical development and no cardiovascular or concomitant diseases. Data were processed using variation statistics in Microsoft Excel 2019.
Main Results. The greatest longitudinal vena cava dimensions were found in asthenic individuals, whereas hypersthenic participants demonstrated significantly larger diameters (p≤0.05). Normosthenic subjects showed intermediate values. PW Doppler analysis revealed respiratory-dependent haemodynamic changes in both veins, with increased blood flow velocity during inspiration and reduced flow during expiration, while pulsation predominated in the SVC. Regardless of body constitution, physically active men demonstrated significantly larger vena cava diameters than less active participants.
Scientific Novelty. In the supine position, Doppler curves demonstrated specific morphometric and haemodynamic changes in different respiratory phases. During deep inspiration, diameter collapse was more pronounced in the IVC than in the SVC. SVC haemodynamics remained independent of body constitution and preserved distinct pulsation throughout all respiratory phases. Physical activity significantly influenced morphometric and functional vena cava parameters and showed different correlations across somatotypes.
Conclusions. PW Doppler analysis confirmed respiratory-phase dependence of haemodynamics in both vena cavae, characterised by accelerated blood flow during inspiration and reduced velocity during expiration, with greater pulsation in the SVC. Asthenic individuals demonstrated significantly greater longitudinal dimensions and smaller diameters of both vena cavae (p<0.05), accompanied by pronounced systolic, diastolic, and reverse Doppler waves. Hypersthenic participants showed reduced respiratory-related diameter variability and lower-amplitude haemodynamic waves, particularly in the IVC. Normosthenic individuals demonstrated intermediate morphometric parameters and normal wave patterns. Higher physical activity positively correlated with greater systolic and reverse wave amplitudes, larger body surface area, and increased IVC diameter irrespective of respiratory phase (p<0.05). Low physical activity was associated with higher BMI, smaller venous diameters, and greater inspiratory collapse. The findings may be useful in physiology, medicine, cardiovascular prevention, sports medicine, and the development of individualised training and health-monitoring programmes.
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