REACTIVE AND ADAPTIVE CHANGES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN MEN IN RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE: PHYSIOLOGICAL AND TRAINING CONTEXT
Main Article Content
Abstract
The article examines reactive and adaptive alterations of the cardiovascular system in men across various stages of ontogenesis under the influence of physical exercises of different orientations. Purpose. To identify age-related features of reactive and adaptive changes in the cardiovascular system of men in response to exercise of different metabolic orientations and to characterize the mechanisms underlying hemodynamic responses and training-induced adaptations. Methods. A systematic analysis of contemporary scientific literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. More than 700 sources were initially screened using keywords related to age-dependent hemodynamic responses to various exercise types. Following multi-stage relevance assessment and full-text evaluation, 109 publications were included in the final synthesis.
Main results. Adolescence is characterized by predominant sympathetic reactivity and instability of baroreflex control. Men in early adulthood exhibit the highest degree of morphofunctional maturity of the heart and vasculature, demonstrating efficient training adaptations and an optimal autonomic balance. Older age is associated with reduced stroke volume, increased arterial stiffness, and delayed parasympathetic reactivation. Exercise modality significantly shapes the response profile: aerobic exercise enhances tissue perfusion, anaerobic training induces peak pressor responses, mixed exercise elicits alternating sympathetic and vasodilatory phases, while functional training improves intermuscular coordination and postural circulatory regulation.
Scientific novelty. Age-specific models of cardiovascular reactivity and adaptation have been systematized. Early adulthood is substantiated as the physiologically optimal period for achieving maximal training effects. Intracollective differences in hemodynamic responsiveness within adolescent and adult groups are identified and linked to the degree of cardiovascular and autonomic maturation.
Conclusions and recommendations. Age-related physiological characteristics necessitate individualized training strategies: adolescents require gradual load progression with emphasis on stabilizing autonomic regulation; adult men benefit most from combined and functional training modalities; older individuals should prioritize aerobic and low-intensity exercises with careful monitoring of hemodynamic parameters.
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