Morpho-functional disorders of the organs and systems under the control of the injured areas of the spinal cord

Abstract

One of the most important problems of modern medicine and science is the damage to the central nervous system and the solution of the problems associated with them. Injuries of the central parts of the nervous system of varying degrees of severity have post-traumatic consequences not only locally, but also in organs and systems that receive neuro-trophic control from the damaged area of the brain or spinal cord. The degree and volume and level of injury to structures such as the spinal cord cause corresponding pathological changes in controlled organs and systems, triggering a chain reaction of secondary and tertiary distant changes. They should be researched and formatted like a map of morphological, biochemical, physiological and physical changes according to the term of damage, level, volume, strength. There is a large list of various methods of researching pathological changes in the spinal cord after receiving an injury of various degrees of severity. The interest of scientists in various fields of medical science has been firmly and long-term attached to the study of the problem of spinal cord regeneration after injury. There is a large developed material, obtained thanks to many years of research. However, there are still unexplained moments of the post-traumatic pathogenesis of some pathological conditions in the body of a spinal patient, the connection of which with a spinal cord injury must be scientifically proven in order to have a full chance of solving the problem.

An interesting study was conducted in an experiment on rats with the study of soleus muscle after spinal cord injury, which proved the importance of timely establishment of a therapeutic window for the treatment of pathological changes in muscle tissue in order to prevent irreversible morphological changes. It has been proven that the ratios of various structural components of myofibrils, muscle fibers, and loose connective tissue are subject to natural changes according to the terms after spinal cord injury of the spinal cord, especially of a low level, primarily leads to morpho-functional changes in the rectum and pelvic organs. The study of not only functional problems of the rectum, but also a detailed study of the sequence of morphological changes of all structures of its wall is extremely relevant. There is progress in creating a map of biochemical changes in the contractile proteins of the smooth muscle cells of the middle lining of the rectal wall. The clinical picture is also worsened by the addition of disorders of the urinary bladder in the form of urinary incontinence, a high probability of intestinal bleeding, which in general puts the problem in the rank of social problems with a high rating in relation to the quality of life of patients. After a severe spinal cord injury, which was accompanied by a complete transection of the spinal cord with a violation of the descending autonomic pathways passing through the spinal cord, intestinal dysfunction occurs, the mechanisms of which are not yet sufficiently understood. To further understand gut dysfunction after spinal cord injury, recent preclinical studies in rodents have used anorectal manometry. Clinical and experimental studies of the manifestations and complications of a high trauma of the thoracic or cervical spine with damage to the spinal cord of the corresponding areas have proven a high probability of delayed gastric emptying, early satiety, dysphagia, constipation, urinary incontinence, nausea, abdominal distention and abdominal pain. Recent findings have shown that enteric glial cells play an important role in various neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinsons disease, which is characterized by motor dysfunctions caused by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brainstem and non-motor symptoms. including gastrointestinal dysfunction.

Given the systemic impact of spinal cord injury on all physiological systems, the last few years the attention of scientists has been focused on studying the role of the gut microbiome in restoring the work of the gastrointestinal tract.

The problem of systemic dysfunctions after a spinal cord injury remains extremely relevant and still not sufficiently studied. Effective methods of their correction, according to scientists, are the use of the modeling ability of the colon microbiome, drug correction. It is promising to study the maximum possible changes in organs and systems that occur in the period after receiving a spinal cord injury, systematic data processing and creation of maps of the correspondence of spinal cord morphological, physiological, biochemical changes to changes in controlled and uncontrolled organs and systems.