Cherkasy University Bulletin: Biological Sciences Series
Збірник наукових праць містить статті, в яких висвітлено актуальні проблеми біологічної науки в контексті сучасних глобальних викликів. Для широкого кола науковців, викладачів, аспірантів, студентів й усіх, хто цікавиться біологічною наукою. Рік заснування: 1997 Тематика: Актуальні питання сучасної біологічної науки Реферативні бази даних: Google Scholar (Вісник Черкаського університету. Серія біологічні науки; scholar.google.com), реферативна база даних «Україніка наукова» (Вісник Черкаського університету. Серія біологічні науки; irbis-nbuv.gov.ua) Журнал індексується в міжнародній наукометричній базі: Index Copernicus International ISSN (Друк): 2076-5835 ISSN (онлайн): 2518-1211 Свідоцтво про державну реєстрацію: 17.03.2020 №409 Ідентифікатор в Реєстрі суб’єктів у сфері медіа: R30-01521 Спеціалізована реєстрація наукових видань: Наказ Міністерства освіти і науки України № 747 від 13.07.2015 р. Спеціальність за даними Державної акредитаційної комісії: 03 – Біологічні науки Періодичність: два рази на рік Мова публікації: українська, англійська Засновник: Черкаський національний університет імені Богдана Хмельницького Головний редактор: доктор біологічних наук, професор Лизогуб Володимир Сергійович Відповідальний секретар: кандидат біологічних наук, доцент Свєтлова Олена Дмитрівна Редакційна колегія: Лизогуб В.С., доктор біологічних наук, професор (відповідальний редактор, Україна); Свєтлова О.Д., кандидат біологічних наук, доцент (відповідальний секретар, Україна); Арслан М., доктор філософії, доцент (Туреччина); Абуладзе А.В., кандидат біологічних наук (Грузія); Бащенко М.І., академік НААН, доктор сільськогосподарських наук, професор (Україна); Гаврилюк М.Н., кандидат біологічних наук, доцент (Україна); Ілюха Л.М., кандидат біологічних наук, доцент (Україна); Коваленко С.О., доктор біологічних наук, професор (Україна); Кожемяко Т.В., кандидат біологічних наук, доцент (Україна); Коробейнікова Л.Г., доктор біологічних наук, професор (Україна); Лисенко О.М. доктор біологічних наук, професор (Україна); Макарчук М.Ю., доктор біологічних наук, професор (Україна); Палабійік А.А., доктор філософії, викладач (Туреччина); Петренко Ю.О., кандидат біологічних наук, доцент (Україна); Портніченко В.І., доктор медичних наук, старший науковий співробітник, професор (Україна); Руксенас О., доктор біологічних наук, професор (Литва); Спрягайло О.В., кандидат біологічних наук, доцент (Україна); Хоменко С.М., кандидат біологічних наук, доцент (Україна); Чистовська Ю.Ю., доктор психологічних наук, професор (Україна); Юхименко Л.І., доктор біологічних наук, професор (Україна) Адреса редакції: м. Черкаси, бульвар Шевченка, 81, 18031 Тел.: (067)9724657 Електронна пошта: svetlova_2004@ukr.net
Черкаський національний університет імені Богдана Хмельницького
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ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF INDIVIDUAL -TYPOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ON THE FORMATION OF SPECIAL GAME THINKING IN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS OF DIFFERENT AGES BY THE METHOD OF GROUP CONSIDERATION OF ARGUMENTS MENTORS
Introduction. It is known that in sports, methods of mathematical statistics and analysis of research results are widely used, however, they are mainly focused on processing the results by traditional statistical methods. While to identify the influence of individual-typological properties of the nervous system, namely: functional mobility, balance of nervous processes on the process of forming special game thinking of volleyball players of different ages, the question of using the method of group consideration of arguments is interesting. The use of such a method of mathematical statistics could allow modeling and predicting the prospects for improving both individual properties of the nervous system and other specific psychophysiological characteristics of players in the process of long and systematic volleyball training. Goal. To define the influence of individual typological characteristics of the nervous system, psychological functions, coordination abilities, and active motor activity on the game thinking of volleyball players of different ages. Methods. Systematization and generalization of modern scientific literature, the method of group consideration of arguments (MGСA), research: typological neurodynamic properties of the nervous system on the software complex "Diagnost-1M", types of thinking and other psychophysiological properties (memory, perception of space and time) using the computer program "Intest", the ability to control speed force and differentiation of muscle effort, spatio-temporal regulation of movements - were determined using motor tests, the game thinking of volleyball players was diagnosed using the author's computer program, and mathematical statistics methods were also used. Results. According to the results of modeling using the method of group consideration of arguments, a connection between psychophysiological properties, game thinking and individual typological properties of the nervous system in volleyball players of different ages was established. Data analysis showed that with age, as a result of systematic volleyball training, a high level of psychophysiological properties of operational thinking, properties of speed-force control and differentiation of muscle effort, spatiotemporal regulation of movements, orientation in space and time, and typological properties of the nervous system: FRNP, VNP, which has a positive effect on the formation of special game thinking of players. Originality. It is believed that the use of modern methods of mathematical modeling in the process of physical training contributes to an increase in the level of development of the body's functional capabilities at different age periods. Conclusion. The results demonstrate the prospects and ways of applying the method of mathematical modeling, namely MGUA in sports with the aim of a deeper understanding of the process of forming special game thinking of players and increasing the efficiency of the process of training volleyball players in different age periods.
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THE INFLUENCE OF ADAPTIVE HORMONES ON THE STATE OF PANETH CELLS OF ANIMALS WITH ALLOXAN DIABETES
Introduction. It is known that in diabetes mellitus, which belongs to the group of metabolic diseases, all types of metabolism are disturbed, including microelement metabolism. The microelement zinc plays an important role in the functioning of a living organism and the implementation of its vital processes. Paneth cells of the small intestine contain zinc ions in their secretory granules. It is likely that in Paneth cells, like β-cells of pancreatic islets, this metal also participates in the formation of a complex with secretory material and its deposition. This gives reason to believe that not only the amount of secretion in Paneth cells, but also the content of the metal bound to it, are indicators of their functional state. Taking into account the above, it is of interest to study the content of zinc and secretory material in Paneth cells of animals during the modeling of diabetes mellitus and its correction by the introduction of adaptive hormones. The imperfect nature of existing cytochemical methods for metal and secretion detection in Paneth cells has prevented such studies from being conducted earlier. This problem was overcome by our development of the 8-(p-toluenesulfonylamino)-quinoline (8-TSQ) reaction and modification of the phloxine reaction in these small intestinal cells. The рurpose of the study was to investigate changes in the content of zinc and secretory material in Paneth cells of animals with alloxan diabetes after the administration of adrenaline and prednisolone separately and in combination with insulin. Methods. The experiments were conducted on white outbred mice and rats aged 6 months. Some animals received a single injection of alloxan, while others received insulin, adrenaline and prednisolone a day after the administration of the diabetogenic agent. These procedures were repeated for 4 days. Cytochemical methods were used to conduct the studies. Yellow-green luminescence was detected on preparations stained with 8-TSQ, which is an indicator of the content of zinc in Paneth cells of the small intestine. When stained with phloxine, red granules were detected in the cytoplasm of Paneth cells. The number of these granules is an indicator of the content of secretory material in the cells. The content of secretory material was estimated in conventional units, and zinc in μg/g. The results were statistically processed using the Student’s t-test using the Statistica 6.0 program. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was calculated to assess the degree of relationship between changes in the studied indicators. Results. In Paneth cells of mice after alloxan injection, the zinc content decreased by 29-49% and the secretory material by 27-42%, and in rats – by 29-55 and 26-47%, respectively (p<0,001). After the administration of insulin, adrenaline and prednisolone against the background of the development of alloxan diabetes, the intracellular metal and secretory content were lower compared to the control in mice by 10% (p>0,05) – 29% (p<0,01) and 11% (p>0,05) – 25% (p<0,01), in rats – 8% (p>0.05) – 32% (p<0,001) and 11% (p>0,05) – 26% (p<0,05). In relation to diabetic animals, the obtained figures were higher in mice by 16% (p<0,05) – 52% (p<0,01) and 15% (p<0,05) – 43% (p<0,01), respectively, in rats – by 15% (p<0,05) – 71% (p<0,001) and 14% (p<0,05) – 56% (p<0,001). In the case of the combined action of adaptive hormones in Paneth cells of animals with alloxan diabetes, an unreliable nature of changes in the content of zinc and secretory material was established in relation to the control, and in comparison with diabetic mice, the indicators were higher by 32-81% (p<0,001) and 28-57% (p<0,01), respectively, in diabetic rats – by 33-107% (p<0,001) and 26% (p<0,01) – 67% (p<0,001). Positive correlation coefficients of changes in the content of zinc and secretory material in Paneth cells of experimental rats indicate the presence of a functional connection between these components. Originality. For the first time, using the developed cytochemical reaction of 8-TSQ and the modified phloxine reaction, a study of the influence of adaptive hormones on the state of Paneth cells of animals with alloxan diabetes was carried out. Conclusion. The introduction of the diabetogenic agent alloxan led to the development of zinc and secretory material deficiency in Paneth cells of mice and rats, which indicates the suppression of the functional state of these cells. Partial correction of zinc and secretory deficiency in Paneth cells was observed in the case of the administration of insulin, adrenaline and prednisolone to animals with alloxan diabetes. The corrective effect was more pronounced with the combined action of adaptive hormones. The results obtained will allow us to deepen our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of diabetes, and the search for ways to correct the disorders contributes to the prevention and treatment of this disease.
OXIDATIVE FUNCTION OF RAT LIVER MITOCHONDRIA DURING ACUTE HYPEROXIA AND RECOVERY
Energy metabolism in the liver, a key organ regulating both substance and energy metabolism in the body, depends critically on oxygen consumption. The primary organelles responsible for oxidative energy metabolism are mitochondria. Hyperoxia and oxygen therapy are widely used as therapeutic interventions in hepatic diseases and metabolic disorders. However, the specific effects of hyperoxia on energy metabolism and the oxidative function of liver mitochondria remain insufficiently understood. Purpose. The aim of this study was to investigate the oxidative function of rat liver mitochondria under different types of hyperoxic exposure. Methods. The oxidative function of mitochondria was examined in 35 male Wistar rats. The polarographic method described by Chance and Williams was used. Mitochondrial respiration was assessed in liver homogenates using an open platinum electrode and a thermostabilized chamber containing the incubation medium and oxidation substrates. The oxygen consumption rate was measured under conditions of resting respiration (V4S), active respiration (V3), and controlled respiration (V4ATP) immediately after exposure to hyperoxia, as well as on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 post-exposure. Respiration was stimulated by the addition of 200 μmol/L ADP. The respiratory control ratio (V3/V4ATP) and the phosphorylation efficiency (ADP/O ratio) were calculated. Results. Under hyperoxic conditions, the rate of active respiration (V3) significantly increased during the oxidation of FAD-dependent succinate, but not during the oxidation of the NAD-dependent glutamate + malate mixture. The efficiency of oxidation and phosphorylation was restored by day 7 after hyperoxic exposure when electron transport chain Complex II was involved, whereas with Complex I substrates, it remained below baseline for 14 days. A significant increase in mitochondrial energization was observed from day 5 onward during the oxidation of NAD-dependent substrates compared to the immediate post-exposure level. Originality. This study demonstrates for the first time that hyperoxia-induced alterations in liver mitochondrial oxidative function occur in a phase-dependent manner. Conclusions. During hyperoxia, mitochondrial respiration is activated through electron transport chain Complex II, while the activity of Complex I is suppressed. It is proposed that Complex II contributes to the adaptive response of mitochondrial respiration to hyperoxic exposure.
HEART RATE VARIABILITY DURING TEMPORARY OCCLUSION OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES IN ATHLETES
Introduction. Temporary occlusion of the lower extremities is an accessible model of short-term ischemia that allows controlled physiological stress to be reproduced without significant health risks. It is accompanied by the activation of peripheral and central mechanisms of blood circulation regulation, changes in vascular tone, and affects the functioning of the cardiovascular system. Studying the response of heart rate variability to such changes provides an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of its adaptation to short-term ischemic influences. Objective. To determine the characteristics of heart rate variability indicators at different levels of temporary occlusion of the lower extremities in students majoring in physical education and sports.. Methods of the study. Measurements were taken on 30 men aged 18-25 years - students of physical education and sports specialties. Occlusive effects were performed on the thighs with a 200 mm wide blood pressure cuff for 3 minutes. The intensity of the first impact was the level of diastolic pressure + 50 mm Hg; the second was the level of systolic pressure + 50 mm Hg. Heart rate variability indicators were recorded and calculated using the Polar Protrainer 5.0 program. Main results of the study. Venous occlusion did not cause significant changes in the time indicators of heart rate variability, while arterial occlusion caused changes in these indicators from the 1st to the 10th minute of recovery. The greatest increase was in rMSSD as a marker of increased tone of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Analysis of the coefficients of variation in HRV reactivity showed that their level was significantly higher at 1 and 10 minutes after venous occlusion than in the corresponding periods after arterial occlusion. This may indicate the presence of more pronounced individual adaptations of heart rate regulation during venous occlusion compared to arterial occlusion. Analysis of changes in HRV spectral indicators showed a significant increase in parasympathetic influences on heart activity during arterial occlusion. Scientific novelty of the study results. For the first time, a comparative analysis of the effects of short-term venous and arterial occlusion on heart rate variability in healthy individuals - students majoring in physical education and sports - was conducted. Conclusions and specific suggestions of the author. The study opens up new opportunities for the differentiated impact of lower limb occlusion on the functional state of individuals engaged in physical culture and sports.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION LEVELS AMONG UKRAINIAN AND SPANISH STUDENT YOUTH
Relevance. Psychophysiological adaptation is regarded as an integral process of maintaining vitality, serving as a foundation for both health and organism functioning. An adequate level of psychophysiological adaptation is essential for successful academic achievement and social, professional, and university life, and is therefore relevant to all learners, regardless of their nationality or the country in which they study. So far, the most researched aspects of adaptation in education are social, mental, and psychological. However, psychophysiological components of adaptation in educational environments remain insufficiently understood. This issue is especially relevant in Ukraine, where students must endure martial law conditions, chronic stress, frequent air raid alerts, changes in learning formats, and increased information loads. Contemporary research confirms the negative impact of these factors on the mental and physiological states of young students. It is therefore important that comparative analysis of the psychophysiological adaptation levels of higher education students in Ukraine (who must defend themselves against Russia’s unprovoked full-scale invasion) and Spain (where students live in peaceful conditions) may help to establish the threshold for physiological mechanisms, beyond which maladaptation processes commence. This could facilitate the development of new approaches to planning academic workloads and educational trajectories, enhance intersystem connections of the organism as a basis for life, and reduce the risk of unwanted psycho-neurological states. The aim of the study was to determine the features of psychophysiological adaptation (PA) among young students in Ukraine and Spain, to carry out a comparative analysis of their adaptive processes' levels, and to develop practical recommendations for improvement.. Materials and Methods. To assess levels of psychophysiological adaptation (PA), an original computer programme “Integral Assessment of Human Psychophysiological Adaptation” (CP IAHPA) was utilised. This involved evaluating psychological and physiological indicators: reactive (RA) and personal (Pers.A) anxiety; vestibular function (VF) via the sensitising Romberg test; the tapping test (TT) by Ilin; heart rate (HR) via photoplethysmography; systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure; psycho-emotional colour (CP) and sound perception (SP). Statistical processing of the obtained data was performed using MS Excel 2010 software. Results. A strong negative correlation was found between PA level and RA, Pers.A, HR, SBP, DBP. Ukrainian students were found to have a higher proportion of individuals with low and critically low levels of PA, which was associated with increased RA, Pers.A, poorer VF, TT, CP, and SP compared to Spanish students (p < 0.001). The strong negative correlation between PA level and RA, Pers.A, HR, SBP, and DBP were confirmed. Conclusions. The lower PA among Ukrainian students compared to Spanish ones is associated with martial law, which has imposed chronic stress combined with intensive academic workload, sleep deprivation, unhealthy habits, and poor diet. The obtained results provided a foundation for a range of practical recommendations for psychological assistance and optimising the educational environment during war and in the post-war period.
INTERACTION BETWEEN MOTOR AND COGNITIVE BRAIN SYSTEMS IN PERSONS WITH HEARING DEPRIVATION
Abstract. The peculiarities of the functional interaction of motor and cognitive systems were investigated in 27 persons with hearing loss aged 17-18, and 24 peers with normal hearing function, under the condition of visual information processing in the go/go and go/no-go paradigm. The cognitive task in the go/no-go paradigm included determining the modality of the signal, the shape of the figure, the semantic meaning of the word, and a quick reaction (go) or inhibition of the motor act (no-go). The task in the go/go paradigm involved a rapid motor response to signals of different modalities. The speed characteristics of the visual response to verbal signals in the go/no-go paradigm depended on the state of auditory function. The response time to words in the go/no-go paradigm for individuals with hearing deprivation was statistically significantly longer, and the speed characteristics were lower than those with normal sensory function (p = 0.031). According to the speed of performance of the task in the go/no-go paradigm for verbal signals, a level of functional interaction of motor and cognitive systems (r = 0.66; р = 0.043) was higher in young people with hearing loss, than in persons with normal hearing (r = 0.38; p = 0.046). The functional interaction of motor and cognitive systems, as well as the speed of task performance depended on the choice of the information processing mode. The speed of performance of the task for the go/go paradigm was higher in subjects with deprivation (p = 0.026) and normal auditory function (p = 0.041) than in the go/no-go paradigm. It was established that the functional interaction of the motor and cognitive systems of the brain during information processing in the go/no-go paradigm depends on the modality of the signals. For young people with derivation of auditory function in the go/no-go paradigm, the time characteristics of performing tasks for pictorial signals were statistically significantly higher than for verbal signals (p = 0.028), and for individuals with normal auditory function, such differences were (p = 0.036). It has been proven that the functional interaction of the motor and cognitive systems of the brain depends on the complexity of the presented information, the modality of the signals, and the state of the sensory function. In case of dysfunction of the auditory system, the visual system is compensatory activated, and the intra- and intersystem functional interaction of the motor and cognitive systems of the brain is strengthened. A hypothesis is proposed, and the issue of the participation of distinct cross-modal mechanisms of functional interaction of cognitive and motor systems of brain activity for persons with auditory function deprivation under the condition of visual information processing in the go/no-go paradigm is discussed.
FEATURES OF MOTOR SKILLS DEVELOPMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN WITH HEALTH DISORDERS
According to statistical data, the health status of the younger generation in Ukraine has significantly deteriorated. Over the past decade, the prevalence of chronic diseases among children has increased 2.87 times. During the last five years, the number of students with special educational needs in inclusive classes of general secondary education institutions has grown 1.9 times, which has also increased the demand for inclusive classes, the number of which has risen 1.8 times. Specialists in the field of healthcare are also seriously concerned about the growing incidence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) among children. As of 2025, a total of 20,936 children in Ukraine have been officially diagnosed with autism. At the same time, it is well known that physical activity plays an important role in maintaining health, as it not only improves motor skills but also positively influences the overall physical, mental, social, and emotional well-being of a child. The aim of the study was to examine the development of motor skills in primary school children with varying health conditions (including autism spectrum disorders) as a basis for correcting their motor activity. Research methods included analysis and generalization, medical-biological methods, pedagogical approaches (motor skills testing), and mathematical processing. The somatic health status of younger schoolchildren was assessed using data extracted from their medical records. Physical development was evaluated through anthropometric indicators such as body height, body weight, and chest circumference. Based on these data, the achieved level and harmony of physical development were determined according to classical standard methods. To assess children’s motor skills development, the study measured reaction speed, coordination abilities, balance development, speed-strength qualities, flexibility, and muscular endurance. Testing results served as the basis for comparative analysis of three groups: conditionally healthy children, children with chronic somatic diseases, and children with autism spectrum disorders. Student’s t-test was used to determine the significance of differences between indicators. Results. Although children with chronic illnesses or autism spectrum disorders show nearly the same physical development and proportionality as healthy peers, their functional abilities differ in a way that complicates full mastery of certain motor skills: Coordination accuracy and reaction speed are among the most vulnerable motor skills in children with autism spectrum disorders, as indicated by lower performance results in tasks requiring concentration and controlled movements compared to healthy children (p<0.05 – p<0.01). The presence of chronic diseases may hinder or reduce the body's ability to adapt to intensive speed-strength loads, which is reflected in lower test results compared to their healthy peers (p<0.05). Conclusion. Certain functional differences in the bodies of children with health disorders may slow down the acquisition of specific motor skills, which should be considered when planning the content, forms, and methods of physical education for younger schoolchildren. Additionally, when evaluating students’ performance in physical education, teachers should take into account the weaker aspects of motor skills in children with developmental peculiarities or chronic conditions
REACTIVE AND ADAPTIVE CHANGES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN MEN IN RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE: PHYSIOLOGICAL AND TRAINING CONTEXT
The article examines reactive and adaptive alterations of the cardiovascular system in men across various stages of ontogenesis under the influence of physical exercises of different orientations. Purpose. To identify age-related features of reactive and adaptive changes in the cardiovascular system of men in response to exercise of different metabolic orientations and to characterize the mechanisms underlying hemodynamic responses and training-induced adaptations. Methods. A systematic analysis of contemporary scientific literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. More than 700 sources were initially screened using keywords related to age-dependent hemodynamic responses to various exercise types. Following multi-stage relevance assessment and full-text evaluation, 109 publications were included in the final synthesis. Main results. Adolescence is characterized by predominant sympathetic reactivity and instability of baroreflex control. Men in early adulthood exhibit the highest degree of morphofunctional maturity of the heart and vasculature, demonstrating efficient training adaptations and an optimal autonomic balance. Older age is associated with reduced stroke volume, increased arterial stiffness, and delayed parasympathetic reactivation. Exercise modality significantly shapes the response profile: aerobic exercise enhances tissue perfusion, anaerobic training induces peak pressor responses, mixed exercise elicits alternating sympathetic and vasodilatory phases, while functional training improves intermuscular coordination and postural circulatory regulation. Scientific novelty. Age-specific models of cardiovascular reactivity and adaptation have been systematized. Early adulthood is substantiated as the physiologically optimal period for achieving maximal training effects. Intracollective differences in hemodynamic responsiveness within adolescent and adult groups are identified and linked to the degree of cardiovascular and autonomic maturation. Conclusions and recommendations. Age-related physiological characteristics necessitate individualized training strategies: adolescents require gradual load progression with emphasis on stabilizing autonomic regulation; adult men benefit most from combined and functional training modalities; older individuals should prioritize aerobic and low-intensity exercises with careful monitoring of hemodynamic parameters.
NEW RECORDS OF FOREST ORCHIDS IN THE TERRITORY OF THE PROPOSED «IRDYNSKE MARSH» NATIONAL NATURE PARK
In Cherkasy Oblast (Ukraine), the current status of populations of forest orchid species (Orchidaceae) remains insufficiently studied. This particularly concerns local populations, whose size and structure are subject to changes driven by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Within the boundaries of the proposed National Nature Park «Irdynske Marsh», which encompasses the Irdyn wetland massif as well as the adjacent forest areas of the Moshnohirskyi Ridge and the Cherkasy Pine Forest, at least 13 species of the family Orchidaceae have been reported according to available literature data. However, a substantial proportion of previously documented orchid localities has likely undergone significant transformation or has been lost as a result of wetland drainage, peat extraction, forest logging, and other disturbances. In this context, updating data on the current distribution of forest orchids in the region, identifying new localities, clarifying their habitat affinities, and assessing the conservation potential of their populations are of considerable scientific importance for the preservation of regional biodiversity and natural habitats. Purpose. The aim of this study was to assess regional patterns of coenotic (community-level) habitat affiliation of populations of six Orchidaceae species in newly discovered forest localities within the proposed National Nature Park «Irdynske Marsh». Methods. Reconnaissance surveys were conducted using route-based methods in early June 2023 and late May 2025. Sample plots for geobotanical descriptions involving rare species were established within the natural boundaries of the respective phytocoenoses. For forest communities, plots measuring 25 × 25 m were used. The projective cover of species within the plots was estimated as percentages; values below 1% were indicated by the symbol «+». Results. As a result of surveys carried out in forest stands of the Budyanske Forestry within the proposed National Nature Park «Irdynske Marsh», three new localities of co-occurrence of six forest orchid species were identified: Cephalanthera damasonium, C. longifolia, Epipactis helleborine, Neottia nidus-avis, Platanthera bifolia, and P. chlorantha. It was established that the hydrological and edaphic characteristics of slope phytocoenoses play a key role in shaping the natural structure of plant communities containing Orchidaceae species. The most stable populations were formed by Platanthera chlorantha, Cephalanthera longifolia, and Epipactis helleborine, indicating their strong ecological association with the prevailing environmental conditions. The forest stands hosting forest orchid species – oak – hornbeam – ash forests on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils (G1.A1) and ravine and slope forests (G1.A4) – belong to habitat types subject to protection under Resolution No. 4 of the Standing Committee of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). At the same time, the surveyed sites are located in areas subjected to traditional forest management and have likely retained their near-natural condition primarily due to the specific topography. Steep slopes prevent intensive forestry practices, thereby contributing to the preservation of habitat integrity and minimizing anthropogenic pressure. Originality. The recorded localities of Orchidaceae species have not been previously reported in the literature. Cephalanthera damasonium and C. longifolia are documented for the first time within the territory of the proposed Irdynske Swamp National Nature Park. These findings highlight the high conservation value of forest habitats and the need for their detailed investigation, particularly to clarify the current status of populations of rare Orchidaceae species. Based on the survey results, the authors submitted a formal proposal for the establishment of protected zones aimed at conserving orchid species at the studied sites. Conclusion. The obtained data indicate that the newly identified localities represent valuable refugia of well-preserved broadleaf forest habitats. In this context, the implementation of special protection regimes, strengthening of population monitoring, and further investigation of factors governing population dynamics are recommended.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HEMODYNAMICS OF THE SUPERIOR VENA CAVA DURING THE RESPIRATORY CYCLE IN DIFFERENT PROJECTED BODY POSITIONS
Introduction. Studying the effect of respiratory modulation on the haemodynamics of the superior vena cava (SVC) in different body positions makes it possible to reveal the role of the respiratory cycle in venous return of blood to the heart, blood flow dynamics in the vessel, and central haemodynamic reactivity. Inhalation and exhalation, like the projection of the body in space, are powerful regulators of cardiovascular activity. The use of the ultrasound method to assess SVC haemodynamics in different body positions and respiratory phases creates opportunities for in-depth study of the course of physiological processes in normal and pathological conditions. Objective. The aim of our study was to determine the characteristics of haemodynamics in the superior vena cava of adults using ultrasound Doppler imaging. Methods of the study. We examined 25 practically healthy volunteers of both sexes aged 19-27 years. We performed ultrasound Doppler assessment of the morphometric parameters of the SVC, functional characteristics of blood flow in the SVC, and parameters of central haemodynamics. Haemodynamics were analysed in different phases of respiration and projection positions (horizontally on the back and supination on the left side) using a Siemens Juniper Acuson (USA) device. The actual data obtained were processed using the method of variational statistics with the Microsoft Excel 2019 software package. Main results of the study. Significant differences in the morphometric parameters of the SVC recorded in different phases of the respiratory cycle and positions were found. The functional characteristics of the SVC depended on both the diameter of the vessel and its ability to change in accordance with the phases of the respiratory cycle. More noticeable variability in central haemodynamic parameters was found in the supine position. Regardless of the respiratory phase and body position, blood flow in the SVC was characterised by a predominance of systolic peak velocities over diastolic ones. Respiratory modulation of peak velocities manifested itself in the predominance of systolic and diastolic peak velocities in the inspiratory phase over those in the expiratory phase and apnoea. Scientific novelty of the study results. A tendency towards a decrease in the functional capacity of the right ventricle of the heart was established in the examined patients, who had the lower limit of the norm for the SVC diameter and low peak blood flow velocities during inhalation and exhalation. An inverse relationship was found between SVC and the dominance of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system in the control of cardiac activity. Conclusions and specific suggestions of the author. The study of morphometric indicators and blood flow velocities in the SVC using ultrasound with Doppler imaging opens up new opportunities for understanding the characteristics of venous haemodynamics in different phases of the respiratory cycle, which will contribute to a deeper understanding of the physiological mechanisms of the cardio-respiratory system and may be useful in the early diagnosis of risks of developing heart failure.
The article is devoted to memory of famous biochemist and educator, professor Fedir Boyechko. His scientific and life path is an example for imitation.